My+Notes+2+-+13+Colonies+and+Br.+Empire

**1607-1750**
 * 2 Thirteen Colonies and theBritish Empire**

Charter – granted special privileges/described relationship between colony and crown Three types: - English brought traditions of independence and representative gov’t/different than Fr. and Sp. - Distance fromEnglandresulted in growth of feelings of independence and tensions between colonies and crown
 * Corporate** –operated by joint-stock companies
 * Royal** - under the direct authority and rule of the king’s gov’t.
 * Proprietary** – under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by king

=ChesapeakeColonies= 1632 – Charles I subdividedVirginia

Maryland
1632 -George Calvert receives proprietary charter for colony straddling Chesapeake/dies/son, Cecil, establishes colony in 1634/haven for Catholics Act of Toleration - 1649/granted religious freedom to Christians/Protestants had become majority in colony Protestant Revolt – late 1660’s/Protestant win/Catholics lose vote

Virginia
Economic problems – low tobacco prices/raised prices saw imports prices rise Political problems – Gov. Berkeley favored planters/antagonized frontier farmers Nathaniel Bacon lead rebellion (1676)/attacked Indians and Jamestown/bacon died/insurrection collapsed Lasting problems – class differences/colonial resistance to royal control

Labor Shortages
Factors – unhealthy climate/high death rate to disease and Indian attack/imbalance between men and women Solutions – indentured servants/passage paid in return for 4-7 years labor headright system/50 acres to person who paid for passage(individual or planter) slavery – first Africans (1619 Jamestown) held in indentured servitude/1660 laws passed making them lifelong

=Development ofNew England= Religious convictions sustained Puritans/little tolerance for opposition/banishment was punishment

Rhode Island
Roger William/minister/1631 to Boston/believed conscience was beyond control of authorities/pay Indians for land/fled to Narragansett Bay/founded Providence: recognized rights of Native Americans, complete religious toleration/Anne Hutchinson/antinomianism – faith not deeds – necessary for salvation/fled to Rhode Island/founded Portsmouth/killed in Indian uprising on Long Island/1644 Williams granted charter/Rhode Island formed

Connecticut
1636/Thomnas Hooker led dissidents/founded Hartford/first written constitution – Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: popular elected legislature, gov. chosen by legislature/ 1637/JohnDavenportfoundsNew Haven 1655/New Haven andHartfordjoin/receive charter

New Hampshire
1679/separated from Mass. Bay/made royal colony/

Halfway Covenant
2nd generation Puritans/less religiously committed/materialistic/attempt by church to maintain influence and membership

New EnglandConfederation
1643/Plymouth,Mass.Bay, CN and New Haven/formed military alliance/acted on boundary disputes, runaway servants, Indians/lasted until 1684

=Restoration colonies= Colonies founded in late 1600’s/during reign of Charles II

TheCarolinas
1663/land given to 8 men/between Virginia and Spanish Florida/1729 divided in North andSouth Carolina

South Carolina
1670/Charleston founded/economy based on trading furs and food for West Indies/later rice plantations

North Carolina
Small, self-sufficient farms/tobacco/few harbors/poor transportation/fewer plantations, slaves

New York
1664/Charles grants charter to brother, Duke of York/Duke sent force to New Amsterdam/Dutch gave up without a fight/renamed New York/ Dutch allowed to stay/at first didn’t allow assembly, later relented

New Jersey
1664/James divided New York/gave lands between Hudson and Delaware Rivers to Carteret and Berkeley (West and East Jersey)/1702 united into New Jersey

PennsylvaniaandDelaware
Quakers – Religious Society of Friends/equality of men and women/nonviolence/no military service/religious authority found in each person, not in Bible/persecuted William Penn/convert/crown owed father debt/William received land grant in 1681/founded “Penn’s Woods”:Holy Experiment”/colony was religious refuge for persecutd/used grid pattern in creating Phila./advertised in Europefor settlers/treated Indians fairly

Delaware
1702/lower three counties of Penn/shared Penn. Governor ‘til A/R

//Georgia// Last colony/1732/purpose: buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida, settle English debtors/1733/Savannah founded/ James Oglethorpe, first governor/ Special regulations - bans on drinking and slavery/did not prosper/ Royal colony – 1752/Oglethorpe gave up/restrictions dropped/grew slowly

Mercantilism: trade, colonies, and wealth basis for military and political strength/gov’t. regulate trade and production to become self-sufficient/colonies provide raw materials, purchase finished products/applied in English colonies after Civil War Acts of Trade and Navigation (1650-1673) - est’d three rules: 1. trade to and from colonies carried only by English or colonial-built and manned ships, 2. All colonial imports had to pass thru England, 3. “enumerated goods” could only be sent to England Positive effects - colonial shipbuilding prospered, Chesapeaketobacco had monopoly in England, English military forces provided protection Negative effects - colonial mfg’ing limited, farmers rec’d low prices, high prices for imported mfg’d goods Negative offset positives/resentment grew/smuggling flourished inNew England Enforcement of Acts – gov’t lax in enforcing/corruption rampant/1684 Mass. Charter revoked Dominion of New England - 1686/James II combined NY, NJ, and New England colonies/Sir EdmundAndrosgovernor: levied taxes, limited town meetings, revoked land titles/James II deposed in Glorious Revolution (1688)/Dominion ended Permanent restrictions – mercantile policies remained
 * Mercantilism and the Empire**

1670/a few thousands/by 1750, ½ VA, 2/3 SC Increased demand – __reduced migration__ due to increased wages in England/__dependable workforce__ compared to small farmers and indentured servants/__cheap labor__ as rice and indigo replace tobacco, need lots of land and workers Slave laws – bondage for life/inherited position VA 1661/baptism did not effect status, could not marry whites MD 1664/seen as social inferiors Triangular trade – Colonies (rum, mfg’d goods) to West Africa (captives) toWest Indies(sugarcane) to Colonies
 * The Institution of Slavery**